Nature-based Solutions & Services

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Nature-based Solutions (NbS) as an umbrella concept for   ecosystem-related approaches. In framing NbS and considering its applications, it is useful to think of it as a HOLISTIC concept that covers a whole range of ecosystem-related approaches, all of which address societal challenges. 

These approaches can be placed into  five main categories,:   

• Ecosystem restoration  approaches: Ecological restoration,  Ecological Engineering,  Forest landscape restoration, etc.;
• Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches: Ecosystem-based adaptation,  Ecosystem-based mitigation,  Climate adaptation services,  Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction;
• Infrastructure-related   approaches: Natural infrastructure,  Green infrastructure;
• Ecosystem-based management  approaches: Integrated coastal zone management,    Integrated water resources management, etc.
• Ecosystem protection  approaches: Area-based conservation approaches, including   protected area management